Internal migration within Punjab is often driven by:

The correct answer is: a) Rural-to-urban movement.

Internal migration within Punjab is often driven by rural-to-urban movement. This is because there are more job opportunities in urban areas, and people are looking for a better quality of life. Urban areas also have better infrastructure and amenities, such as schools, hospitals, and transportation.

Rural-to-urban migration can have a number of positive and negative effects. On the positive side, it can lead to economic growth and development in urban areas. It can also help to reduce poverty in rural areas. However, rural-to-urban migration can also lead to overcrowding, pollution, and social problems in urban areas.

Here is a brief explanation of each option:

• a) Rural-to-urban movement: This is the movement of people from rural areas to urban areas. It is often driven by the search for better job opportunities and a higher quality of life.
• b) Urban-to-rural movement: This is the movement of people from urban areas to rural areas. It is often driven by the desire to live a simpler life or to retire in a rural area.
• c) Migration between districts: This is the movement of people from one district to another within the same state. It can be driven by a number of factors, such as job opportunities, education, or family ties.
• d) Seasonal migration for agriculture: This is the movement of people from their homes to agricultural areas during the planting and harvesting seasons. It is often driven by the need for labor in these areas.