Insurgencies and political instability in the past have:

The correct answer is: d) All of the above

Insurgencies and political instability can have a significant impact on the business environment. They can disrupt supply chains, create uncertainty, and make it difficult to do business.

• Disrupted supply chains: Insurgencies and political instability can disrupt supply chains by making it difficult to transport goods and services. This can be due to damage to infrastructure, such as roads and bridges, or due to the presence of armed groups.
• Created uncertainty: Insurgencies and political instability can create uncertainty for businesses by making it difficult to predict the future. This can make it difficult to make investment decisions and to plan for the future.
• Made it difficult to do business: Insurgencies and political instability can make it difficult to do business by making it difficult to secure property and by making it difficult to hire and retain employees.

In addition, insurgencies and political instability can also lead to violence and crime, which can further disrupt the business environment.

Overall, insurgencies and political instability can have a significant negative impact on the business environment. They can make it difficult to do business, can disrupt supply chains, and can create uncertainty.