Informal authority flows upwards to downwards or horizontally in

formal organization
informal organization
business or organization
strategic organization

The correct answer is B. informal organization.

Informal authority is the power that people have over others because of their personal relationships, rather than their position in a formal hierarchy. It can flow in any direction, up, down, or horizontally.

Formal authority is the power that people have because of their position in a formal hierarchy. It flows downward from those in higher positions to those in lower positions.

Business or organization is a general term that can refer to any type of organization, formal or informal.

Strategic organization is a type of formal organization that is focused on achieving long-term goals.

Here are some examples of informal authority:

  • A manager might have informal authority over their employees because they are well-liked and respected.
  • A team leader might have informal authority over their team members because they are knowledgeable and experienced.
  • A friend might have informal authority over their friend because they are close and trusted.

Here are some examples of formal authority:

  • A CEO has formal authority over all employees in a company because they are the highest-ranking person in the company.
  • A police officer has formal authority over all citizens because they are empowered by the law to enforce the law.
  • A judge has formal authority over all parties in a court case because they are appointed to their position by the government.