In which one of the following folds is the axial plane found to be vir

In which one of the following folds is the axial plane found to be virtually horizontal ?

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Isoclinal

Anticlinal

Recumbent

Monoclinal

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UPSC NDA-2 – 2019

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Folds are bends in layers of rock or sediment. The axial plane is an imaginary plane that bisects the angle between the limbs of the fold and contains the hinge line. In an Isoclinal fold, the limbs are parallel to each other, but the axial plane can be vertical, inclined, or horizontal. An Anticlinal fold is an upward fold, typically with a vertical or steeply dipping axial plane. A Monoclinal fold is a step-like bend. A Recumbent fold is a type of fold where the axial plane is essentially horizontal or nearly horizontal, causing the upper limb to be overturned.

– Recumbent fold: Axial plane is horizontal or near-horizontal.
– Isoclinal fold: Limbs are parallel (axial plane can be any orientation).
– Anticlinal fold: Upward fold (axial plane typically steep).
– Monoclinal fold: Step-like fold.

Recumbent folds indicate significant compressional forces where rock layers have been severely deformed and often transported horizontally over distance (resulting in nappe structures in extreme cases). They are common in intensely deformed mountain belts.

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