In which among the following states in India, the Sun rays are never p

In which among the following states in India, the Sun rays are never perpendicular?

1. Bihar
2. Chhattisgarh
3. Manipur
4. Rajasthan

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1 and 3

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This question was previously asked in

UPSC NDA-2 – 2024

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The states of India where the Sun rays are never perpendicular are those located entirely north of the Tropic of Cancer. The Tropic of Cancer (approximately 23.5° N latitude) passes through eight Indian states: Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Tripura, and Mizoram. Locations on or south of the Tropic of Cancer experience the Sun directly overhead (perpendicular rays) at least twice a year (during the Sun’s apparent movement between the tropics). Locations north of the Tropic of Cancer never have the Sun directly overhead.

Bihar and Manipur are located entirely north of the Tropic of Cancer. Therefore, the Sun rays are never perpendicular in these states. Chhattisgarh and Rajasthan are among the states through which the Tropic of Cancer passes, so parts of these states (or the states themselves) do experience perpendicular sun rays.

The Sun is directly overhead at noon only for locations between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn. This phenomenon occurs when the Sun’s declination is equal to the latitude of the location. The Sun’s declination ranges from 23.5° S (around Dec 21/22, Winter Solstice) to 23.5° N (around June 20/21, Summer Solstice).

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