In the context of which one of the following are the terms 'pyrolysis

In the context of which one of the following are the terms ‘pyrolysis and plasma gasification’ mentioned?

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Extraction of rare earth elements

Natural gas extraction technologies

Hydrogen fuel-based automobiles

Waste-to-energy technologies

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This question was previously asked in

UPSC IAS – 2019

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Option D is correct. Pyrolysis and plasma gasification are thermal treatment processes used to break down organic and carbonaceous materials, particularly various types of waste (municipal solid waste, biomass, industrial waste), at high temperatures. These processes convert waste into energy (heat, electricity) and valuable byproducts like syngas (synthesis gas), making them key technologies in the waste-to-energy sector.

– Pyrolysis involves heating material in the absence of oxygen.
– Plasma gasification uses extremely high temperatures generated by a plasma arc.
– Both processes convert complex organic matter into simpler compounds, often producing combustible gases (syngas) and solid residue.
– These techniques are applied to efficiently manage waste and recover energy or resources from it.

– While hydrogen fuel can be produced from syngas generated by these methods (Option C), pyrolysis and plasma gasification themselves are technologies for processing waste materials, not primarily for extracting rare earth elements (Option A) or natural gas (Option B).

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