The correct answer is: D. Anti dumping laws.
Anti-dumping laws are a type of non-tariff trade barrier that are designed to protect domestic industries from unfair competition from foreign companies that are selling their products at below cost.
A quota is a limit on the quantity of a good that can be imported into a country. An import ban is a complete prohibition on the importation of a good. Export controls are restrictions on the export of a good.
All of these measures can be used to protect domestic industries from foreign competition, but they are all considered to be non-tariff trade barriers because they do not involve the imposition of a tariff, which is a tax on imported goods.
Anti-dumping laws are considered to be a more targeted form of protection than other non-tariff trade barriers, because they are only applied to goods that are being sold at below cost. This means that they are less likely to have a negative impact on international trade.
However, anti-dumping laws can still be controversial, because they can be used to protect domestic industries from legitimate competition. It is important to carefully consider the evidence before imposing anti-dumping duties, to ensure that they are not being used to protect inefficient industries from foreign competition.