In clay soil A. Swelling and shrinkage characteristics prevail B. Consolidation continues even after several years of construction C. Differential settlement is generally prevalent D. All the above

The correct answer is D. All of the above.

Clay soils are characterized by their high plasticity and swelling potential. This means that they can change shape and volume significantly when they are wet or dry. This can lead to problems such as differential settlement, which is when different parts of a structure settle at different rates. Differential settlement can cause cracks in walls, floors, and foundations.

Consolidation is the process by which clay soils lose water and become denser. This process can take many years to complete, and it can be accelerated by the weight of a structure. If a structure is built on clay soil that has not had time to consolidate, it can settle unevenly, causing damage to the structure.

Therefore, all of the options (A, B, and C) are correct. Clay soils are characterized by their swelling and shrinkage