The correct answer is: All of the above.
Migration can have a number of impacts on sending communities, including changes in family structures, increased dependency on remittances, and labor shortages.
Changes in family structures can occur when one or more members of a family migrate to another location. This can lead to separation of families, as well as changes in the roles and responsibilities of family members. For example, if a father migrates to find work, the mother may have to take on the role of breadwinner, while the children may have to take on more responsibility for household chores.
Increased dependency on remittances can occur when migrants send money back to their families in their home communities. This can provide a much-needed source of income for families, but it can also lead to a situation where families become dependent on remittances and are less likely to develop their own sources of income.
Labor shortages can occur when a large number of people migrate from a particular area. This can lead to a shortage of workers in certain sectors of the economy, such as agriculture and construction. It can also lead to an increase in the cost of labor, as employers compete for a limited pool of workers.
In addition to these impacts, migration can also have a number of other social, economic, and political impacts on sending communities. These impacts can be positive or negative, depending on a number of factors, such as the level of development of the sending community, the skills and qualifications of the migrants, and the policies of the sending and receiving countries.