The correct answer is A. excess supply.
Excess supply occurs when the quantity supplied is greater than the quantity demanded at a given price. This can happen when the price is fixed below the equilibrium price. At a price below the equilibrium price, there will be more people willing to sell than there are people willing to buy. This will lead to a surplus of goods on the market, which will put downward pressure on prices.
Excess demand occurs when the quantity demanded is greater than the quantity supplied at a given price. This can happen when the price is fixed above the equilibrium price. At a price above the equilibrium price, there will be more people willing to buy than there are people willing to sell. This will lead to a shortage of goods on the market, which will put upward pressure on prices.
Equilibrium occurs when the quantity supplied is equal to the quantity demanded at a given price. This is the point at which the market is in balance.
Downward pressure on prices occurs when there is excess supply in the market. This is because sellers will be willing to lower their prices in order to attract buyers.
I hope this helps!