If India enters into Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) with other nations,

If India enters into Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) with other nations, then the growth of exports of India would depend upon which of the following?

  • 1. Extent of tariff reduction vis-ร -vis MFN tariffs
  • 2. Extent of relaxation in terms of rules of origin
  • 3. Extent of relaxation in sanitary and phytosanitary measures
  • 4. Level of infrastructure in India
  • 5. Income in nations with which India enters into FTAs

Select the correct answer using the code given below.

1, 3 and 4 only
1, 2 and 4 only
2, 3 and 5 only
1, 2, 3, 4 and 5
This question was previously asked in
UPSC CDS-1 – 2024
All five factors listed are crucial determinants of India’s export growth under Free Trade Agreements (FTAs).
1. **Extent of tariff reduction:** Lower tariffs make Indian goods more competitive in partner markets.
2. **Rules of origin:** Lenient RoO ensure that a higher proportion of goods manufactured in India qualify for preferential FTA tariffs.
3. **Sanitary and phytosanitary measures:** Relaxations or clear standards for SPS measures facilitate exports of agricultural and food products.
4. **Infrastructure in India:** Efficient logistics, transportation, and port infrastructure reduce costs and improve reliability for exporters.
5. **Income in partner nations:** Higher economic growth and income levels in FTA partner countries lead to increased demand for imports, including those from India.
The success of export growth under FTAs depends not only on tariff reductions but also on non-tariff barriers, domestic capabilities, and market demand in partner countries.
Beyond these factors, other elements like trade facilitation measures, dispute resolution mechanisms within the FTA, currency exchange rates, and global economic conditions also play a role in influencing export performance.