The correct answer is: All of the mentioned.
Logic programming is a programming paradigm based on formal logic. It is a declarative programming paradigm, which means that the programmer specifies the desired results, not how to achieve them. Logic programming is often used for artificial intelligence applications, such as natural language processing and expert systems.
Logic programming is based on the idea of first-order logic. First-order logic is a formal system for representing knowledge. It consists of a set of symbols, called terms, and a set of rules, called axioms. Terms can be constants, variables, or functions. Axioms are statements that are always true.
In logic programming, programs are written as sets of clauses. A clause is a statement of the form:
- Head :- Body
The head is a predicate, which is a statement that is
either true or false. The body is a list of predicates. The clause is true if the head is true whenever all of the predicates in the body are true.For example, the following clause is a statement that the predicate “father(X,Y)” is true if the predicate “parent(X,Y)” is true and the predicate “male(X)” is true:
- father(X,Y) :- parent(X,Y), male(X).
Logic programming is a powerful programming paradigm that can be used to solve a wide variety of problems. It is often used for artificial intelligence applications, such as natural language processing and expert systems.
Here are some additional details about each of the options:
- Variables are used to represent unknown values. In logic programming, variables are often used to represent the objects in a problem domain.
- Expressing knowledge in a formal language is the key idea of logic programming. In logic programming, knowledge is represented as a set of clauses.
- Graph is a data structure that can be used to represent knowledge. In logic programming, graphs are often used to represent the relationships between objects in a problem domain.