How many types of emergencies have been envisaged under the Indian Constitution ?

The correct answer is (b), Three.

The three types of emergencies envisaged under the Indian Constitution are:

• National Emergency (Article 352): This can be declared by the President if he is satisfied that a grave emergency exists whereby the security of India or any part of the territory thereof is threatened, whether by war or external aggression or armed rebellion.
• President’s Rule (Article 356): This can be imposed by the President on a State if he is satisfied that a situation has arisen in which the government of the State cannot be carried on in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution.
• Financial Emergency (Article 360): This can be declared by the President if he is satisfied that a financial emergency exists whereby the financial stability or credit of India is threatened.

The President’s Rule and Financial Emergency are both temporary measures that can be imposed for a maximum period of six months. The National Emergency, on the other hand, can be imposed for an indefinite period of time.