The correct answer is (b) 78.
The Constitution of India has been amended 78 times since it came into effect on 26 January 1950. The first amendment was passed in 1951, and the most recent amendment was passed in 2019.
The amendments have been made to address a variety of issues, including the introduction of new laws, the removal of outdated laws, and the clarification of the Constitution’s provisions.
Some of the most significant amendments include the First Amendment, which guaranteed freedom of speech and expression; the Fourth Amendment, which guaranteed the right to equality; the Seventeenth Amendment, which introduced the system of adult franchise; and the Twenty-sixth Amendment, which abolished the special status of Jammu and Kashmir.
The amendments have been a vital part of the evolution of the Indian Constitution, and they have helped to make it a living document that reflects the changing needs of the Indian people.
Here is a brief description of each option:
(a) 68: This is the number of amendments that had been passed up to 2013. However, one more amendment has been passed since then, so the correct answer is now 78.
(b) 78: This is the correct answer.
(c) 88: This is the number of amendments that had been passed up to 2019. However, one more amendment has been passed since then, so this is no longer the correct answer.
(d) 98: This is the number of amendments that have been passed up to 2023. However, the question is asking about the number of amendments that had been implemented up to 2013, so this is not the correct answer.