The correct answer is: E. Biodiversity loss.
Habitat loss and fragmentation, over exploitation, alien species invasion and co extinction are all causes of biodiversity loss.
Habitat loss is the destruction or degradation of an organism’s natural environment. This can be caused by human activities such as deforestation, agriculture, and urbanization. Habitat loss can lead to the decline or extinction of species by reducing the amount of available habitat, making it difficult for species to find food, shelter, and mates.
Fragmentation is the division of a habitat into smaller, isolated patches. This can be caused by human activities such as roads, railways, and development. Fragmentation can make it difficult for species to move between patches of habitat, which can lead to the decline or extinction of species.
Overexploitation is the use of a resource at a rate that is greater than the rate at which it can be replenished. This can be caused by human activities such as hunting, fishing, and logging. Overexploitation can lead to the decline or extinction of species by reducing the population size below the level needed for the species to survive.
Alien species invasion is the introduction of a species to an area where it is not native. This can be caused by human activities such as transportation, trade, and tourism. Alien species can outcompete native species for resources, which can lead to the decline or extinction of native species.
Coextinction is the extinction of one species due to the extinction of another species with which it is closely associated. This can occur when two species are dependent on each other for survival, such as when one species is a pollinator of the other.
All of these factors can contribute to biodiversity loss, which is the decline in the variety of life on Earth. Biodiversity loss is a serious problem that can have a number of negative consequences, such as the disruption of ecosystems, the loss of ecosystem services, and the decline of human well-being.