Global climates are classified on the basis of:

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annual averages in temperature and precipitation only.

annual averages in temperature only.

seasonal variations in temperature and precipitation only.

annual averages and seasonal variations in temperature and precipitation.

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UPSC Geoscientist – 2020

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Global climate classification systems, such as the widely used Köppen system, are based on analyzing patterns of temperature and precipitation. They consider not just the annual average values but also the seasonal distribution and variations of temperature and precipitation (e.g., presence or absence of a dry season, hot summer or cold winter, etc.). These seasonal patterns are crucial for defining distinct climate types and their associated vegetation.

Temperature and precipitation are the two most fundamental elements used to define climate. Their average values and seasonal cycles determine the types of ecosystems that can thrive in a region.

Other factors like humidity, wind, and sunshine are also components of climate, but temperature and precipitation are considered the primary variables for defining major climate zones and classification systems.

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