The correct answer is: C. Parameter inference
Parameter inference is the process of estimating the value of a population parameter from a sample. A population parameter is a characteristic of a population, such as the mean or the standard deviation. A sample is a subset of a population.
Parameter inference is important because it allows us to make inferences about a population based on the data we have from a sample. For example, if we want to know the average height of all adults in the United States, we could not measure the height of every adult in the country. Instead, we could take a sample of adults and use the data from the sample to estimate the average height of all adults in the country.
There are a number of different methods for parameter inference. The most common method is to use a confidence interval. A confidence interval is a range of values that is likely to contain the true value of the population parameter. The confidence interval is calculated based on the sample data and the sampling distribution of the statistic.
Another common method for parameter inference is to use a hypothesis test. A hypothesis test is a statistical test that is used to determine whether the data provide evidence that the population parameter is different from a specified value.
Parameter inference is a powerful tool that can be used to make inferences about a population based on the data we have from a sample. However, it is important to remember that parameter inference is based on probability. There is always a chance that the inferences we make are incorrect.
A. Statistical inference of external validity of the research is not a correct answer because it is not a specific type of parameter inference. Statistical inference is the process of drawing conclusions about a population based on data from a sample. External validity is the extent to which the results of a study can be generalized to other populations or settings.
B. Data analysis and interpretation is not a correct answer because it is not a specific type of parameter inference. Data analysis is the process of organizing and summarizing data. Interpretation is the process of explaining the meaning of the data.
D. All of the above is not a correct answer because it is not a specific type of parameter inference. Parameter inference is the process of estimating the value of a population parameter from a sample.