The correct answer is (d). Fundamental Duties have been included in Indian Constitution under the 42nd Constitutional Amendment.
The 42nd Amendment was passed in 1976 by the Indira Gandhi government. It was a major amendment to the Indian Constitution, and it included a number of changes, including the addition of Fundamental Duties.
Fundamental Duties are a set of obligations that are placed on all citizens of India. They are listed in Article 51A of the Constitution, and they include duties such as respecting the Constitution and the laws of the country, protecting the environment, and promoting harmony among all people.
The 42nd Amendment was a controversial amendment, and it was challenged in the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court upheld the amendment, but it also ruled that Fundamental Duties are not enforceable in a court of law. This means that the government cannot punish people for not fulfilling their Fundamental Duties.
However, Fundamental Duties are still important, and they can be used to guide the actions of the government and the people. They are a reminder of the values that are important to India, and they can help to create a more just and equitable society.
The other options are incorrect. The 46th Amendment was passed in 1982, and it did not include any changes to Fundamental Duties. The 86th Amendment was passed in 2002, and it did include some changes to Fundamental Duties, but these changes were relatively minor.