From among the following Mahajanapadas, identify the gana/sangha

From among the following Mahajanapadas, identify the gana/sangha (oligarchy):

Magadha

Vajji

Avanti

Kosala

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UPSC CDS-1 – 2022

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The Mahajanapadas of ancient India (around 6th century BCE) were either monarchies or republics (known as *gana-sanghas* or oligarchies). Among the options provided, Magadha, Avanti, and Kosala were powerful monarchical kingdoms. Vajji (or Vriji), with its capital at Vaishali, was a confederacy of several clans, including the Lichhavis, and is a prominent example of a *gana-sangha*, where rule was not by a single monarch but by an assembly of rulers or representatives.

Vajji was one of the major *gana-sanghas* (republican/oligarchic states) among the sixteen Mahajanapadas.

Other *gana-sanghas* included the Malla (capital Kushinagar and Pava). The rise of powerful monarchies like Magadha eventually led to the decline and absorption of these republican states.

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