For administration of Justice the Civil and Criminal Courts were established in Presidency towns by which of the following?

The correct answer is (b).

The Charter of 1753 was granted by the British East India Company to the Governor and Council of Fort William in Bengal. It established a Supreme Court in Calcutta, with jurisdiction over all civil and criminal cases involving Europeans. The Charter also established a Mayor’s Court in Calcutta, with jurisdiction over all civil and criminal cases involving Indians.

The Charter of 1661 was granted by King Charles II to the British East India Company. It gave the Company the right to trade in India and to establish factories and trading posts there. The Charter did not establish any courts in India.

The Charter of 1726 was granted by King George I to the British East India Company. It gave the Company the right to establish a mint in India and to issue its own currency. The Charter did not establish any courts in India.

(d) is incorrect because the Charter of 1753 was the one that established the Civil and Criminal Courts in Presidency towns.