The correct answer is: d) All of the above.
Fodder scarcity is a major challenge faced by the livestock sector in Kerala. The state has a limited land area, which is further constrained by the presence of hills and forests. This limits the amount of land that can be used for fodder production. In addition, climate change is leading to changes in rainfall patterns, which is making it more difficult to grow fodder crops. Finally, the lack of irrigation facilities in many parts of the state means that farmers cannot grow fodder crops during the dry season.
The lack of fodder is having a significant impact on the livestock sector in Kerala. Many farmers are being forced to sell their animals, as they are unable to afford to feed them. This is leading to a decline in the number of livestock in the state, which is having a knock-on effect on the dairy and meat industries.
The government of Kerala is aware of the problem of fodder scarcity and is taking steps to address it. The state has launched a number of initiatives to promote fodder production, including providing subsidies to farmers who grow fodder crops. The government is also working to improve irrigation facilities in rural areas.
However, these measures are not enough to address the problem of fodder scarcity in Kerala. The state needs to take more comprehensive measures to address the issue, such as increasing the availability of land for fodder production, developing drought-tolerant fodder crops, and improving the efficiency of irrigation systems.