Fluctuations in power generation from renewable sources like wind and solar power can cause:

The correct answer is: d) All of the above

Fluctuations in power generation from renewable sources like wind and solar power can cause grid instability, increased reliance on backup power, and power shortages.

• Grid instability occurs when the amount of power being generated by renewable sources is not equal to the amount of power being used. This can cause the frequency of the power grid to fluctuate, which can damage equipment and lead to outages.
• Increased reliance on backup power is necessary to ensure that there is always enough power to meet demand when renewable sources are not generating enough power. This can be expensive, and it can also lead to pollution if the backup power comes from fossil fuels.
• Power shortages can occur when there is not enough power to meet demand, either because renewable sources are not generating enough power or because backup power is not available. This can cause blackouts and other disruptions to essential services.

There are a number of ways to address the challenges posed by fluctuations in power generation from renewable sources. One approach is to increase the use of energy storage technologies, such as batteries, to store excess power when it is generated and then release it when it is needed. Another approach is to improve the coordination of power generation from different sources, such as wind and solar, so that they can complement each other and provide a more stable supply of power.