The correct answer is: d) All of the above.
Feudatory states were political entities in which a central authority, such as a king or emperor, granted land and power to local lords in exchange for their loyalty and service. These local lords, in turn, granted land and power to their own vassals, and so on. This system of land tenure and political organization was common in Europe during the Middle Ages, and it also existed in other parts of the world, such as Japan and China.
One of the key features of feudal states was that they had their own local systems of governance, revenue collection, and dispute resolution. These systems were often based on traditional customs and practices, and they varied from one state to another. However, they all shared some common features, such as the use of local councils, the collection of taxes, and the adjudication of disputes.
Local councils were an important part of feudal government. They were made up of representatives from the local community, and they were responsible for making decisions on a variety of matters, such as taxation, law enforcement, and the maintenance of public order.
Taxes were another important source of revenue for feudal states. They were typically collected in the form of crops, livestock, or labor. The money raised from taxes was used to pay for the upkeep of the army, the construction of roads and bridges, and the provision of other public services.
Dispute resolution was another important function of feudal government. Disputes between individuals or groups were typically resolved by local courts. These courts were made up of local elders or other respected members of the community, and they used a variety of methods to resolve disputes, such as mediation, arbitration, and trial by ordeal.
In conclusion, feudal states often had their own local systems of governance, revenue collection, and dispute resolution. These systems were often based on traditional customs and practices, and they varied from one state to another. However, they all shared some common features, such as the use of local councils, the collection of taxes, and the adjudication of disputes.