Excessive use of pesticides and fertilizers in Punjab can:

The correct answer is: d) All of the above.

Excessive use of pesticides and fertilizers in Punjab can have a number of negative consequences, including:

• Harming beneficial insects: Pesticides are designed to kill pests, but they can also harm beneficial insects, such as pollinators. This can disrupt the ecosystem and lead to a decline in crop yields.
• Contaminating water bodies: Pesticides and fertilizers can run off into waterways, where they can harm fish and other aquatic life. They can also contaminate drinking water supplies.
• Impacting soil health: Pesticides and fertilizers can damage soil structure and reduce the amount of organic matter in the soil. This can make it more difficult for crops to grow and can also lead to erosion.

It is important to use pesticides and fertilizers carefully and responsibly to avoid these negative consequences.