The correct answer is d) All of the above.
Excessive mineral extraction can cause soil degradation, water pollution, and air pollution.
Soil degradation is the decline in the ability of soil to function as a natural resource. It can be caused by a number of factors, including excessive mineral extraction. When minerals are extracted from the soil, the soil structure can be disrupted, which can lead to erosion and loss of nutrients.
Water pollution is the contamination of water bodies with harmful substances. It can be caused by a number of factors, including excessive mineral extraction. When minerals are extracted from the soil, the runoff from the mining operations can carry pollutants into nearby water bodies. These pollutants can include heavy metals, sediment, and chemicals.
Air pollution is the contamination of the air with harmful substances. It can be caused by a number of factors, including excessive mineral extraction. When minerals are extracted from the soil, the dust and fumes from the mining operations can be released into the air. These pollutants can cause respiratory problems, heart disease, and cancer.
Excessive mineral extraction can have a number of negative impacts on the environment. It is important to take steps to minimize these impacts, such as using sustainable mining practices and restoring land after mining operations have been completed.