The correct answer is d) All of the above.
Excessive mineral extraction can cause soil degradation, water pollution, and air pollution.
Soil degradation is the decline in the ability of soil to function as a natural resource. It can be caused by a number of factors, including excessive mineral extraction. When minerals are extracted from the ground, the soil is disturbed and can become compacted. This can make it difficult for plants to grow and can also lead to erosion.
Water pollution is the contamination of water bodies by harmful substances. It can be caused by a number of factors, including excessive mineral extraction. When minerals are extracted from the ground, the water that is used in the extraction process can become contaminated with chemicals and other pollutants. This contaminated water can then be released into the environment, polluting rivers, lakes, and streams.
Air pollution is the contamination of the air by harmful substances. It can be caused by a number of factors, including excessive mineral extraction. When minerals are extracted from the ground, the dust and other particles that are released into the air can be harmful to human health. These particles can also contribute to climate change.
Excessive mineral extraction can have a number of negative impacts on the environment. It is important to take steps to minimize these impacts, such as using sustainable mining practices and restoring land after mining has been completed.