The correct answer is d) All of the above.
Excessive mineral extraction can cause soil degradation, water pollution, and air pollution.
Soil degradation is the decline in the quality of soil. It can be caused by a number of factors, including excessive mineral extraction. When minerals are extracted, the soil is disturbed and can become compacted. This can make it difficult for plants to grow and can also lead to erosion.
Water pollution is the contamination of water bodies by harmful substances. It can be caused by a number of factors, including excessive mineral extraction. When minerals are extracted, the water can become contaminated with chemicals and sediments. This can make the water unsafe for drinking, bathing, and fishing.
Air pollution is the contamination of the air by harmful substances. It can be caused by a number of factors, including excessive mineral extraction. When minerals are extracted, the air can become contaminated with dust and other particles. This can cause respiratory problems and other health issues.
Excessive mineral extraction can have a number of negative impacts on the environment. It is important to take steps to minimize these impacts, such as using sustainable mining practices and restoring land after mining operations are complete.