The correct answer is: a) Sinkholes.
Excessive groundwater extraction can lead to the formation of sinkholes. This is because when groundwater is extracted, the pressure on the ground above the aquifer decreases. This can cause the ground to collapse, forming a sinkhole.
Sinkholes can be dangerous, as they can swallow up buildings, roads, and other infrastructure. They can also be a hazard to people and animals, as they can collapse without warning.
Soil salinization is the accumulation of salts in the soil. This can occur when irrigation water contains high levels of salt, or when rainwater evaporates and leaves behind salt deposits. Soil salinization can make it difficult for plants to grow, as the salts can interfere with the uptake of water and nutrients.
Rock fractures are cracks in the Earth’s surface. They can be caused by a variety of factors, including tectonic activity, weathering, and erosion. Rock fractures can be a hazard, as they can provide a path for water to flow into the ground, causing flooding and landslides.
Mineral leaching is the process by which minerals are dissolved in water and transported away from their original location. This can occur when rainwater or irrigation water percolates through the soil and dissolves minerals. Mineral leaching can be a problem, as it can remove essential nutrients from the soil.
In conclusion, the correct answer to the question “Excessive groundwater extraction for irrigation in Punjab might contribute to the formation of: a) Sinkholes b) Soil Salinisation c) Rock fractures d) Mineral leaching” is a) Sinkholes.