Excessive coal mining can lead to:

The correct answer is: d) All of the above

Excessive coal mining can lead to land subsidence, air and water pollution, and deforestation.

• Land subsidence is the sinking of the ground surface due to the removal of underground materials, such as coal. This can cause damage to buildings, roads, and other infrastructure.
• Air pollution is caused by the release of harmful gases and particles into the air. Coal mining can release these pollutants into the air through the burning of coal, the use of explosives, and the transportation of coal.
• Water pollution is caused by the release of harmful chemicals and sediments into water bodies. Coal mining can release these pollutants into water bodies through the runoff of mine tailings, the discharge of wastewater from coal-fired power plants, and the seepage of coal ash into groundwater.
• Deforestation is the clearing of forests for other uses, such as agriculture or mining. Coal mining can lead to deforestation when forests are cleared to make way for mines or to provide access to coal seams.

In addition to these environmental impacts, excessive coal mining can also have social and economic impacts. For example, coal mining can displace people from their homes and communities, and it can contribute to poverty and unemployment.