Evidence of Buddhist and Jain influences in ancient Kerala can be found in:

The correct answer is d) All of the above.

Evidence of Buddhist and Jain influences in ancient Kerala can be found in rock-cut caves, sculptures and inscriptions, and literature.

• Rock-cut caves: There are several rock-cut caves in Kerala that are believed to have been used by Buddhist and Jain monks. These caves are often decorated with sculptures and inscriptions.
• Sculptures and inscriptions: There are many sculptures and inscriptions in Kerala that depict Buddhist and Jain themes. These sculptures and inscriptions are found in temples, palaces, and other public places.
• Literature: There are many literary works in Malayalam that mention Buddhism and Jainism. These works provide valuable insights into the history and culture of these religions in Kerala.

The presence of Buddhist and Jain influences in ancient Kerala is a testament to the rich and diverse cultural heritage of the state.