The correct answer is D. All of the above.
Large dams have a number of environmental impacts, including displacement of communities, loss of biodiversity, and changes in river flow patterns.
Displacement of communities: Large dams often require the relocation of entire communities, which can have a devastating impact on people’s lives and livelihoods. In Telangana, for example, the construction of the Indira Sagar Dam displaced over 100,000 people.
Loss of biodiversity: Large dams can fragment habitats and disrupt ecosystems, leading to the loss of biodiversity. For example, the construction of the Sardar Sarovar Dam on the Narmada River in India has been linked to the decline of several endangered species, including the gharial crocodile and the freshwater dolphin.
Changes in river flow patterns: Large dams can alter the natural flow of rivers, which can have a number of impacts, including changes in water quality, flooding, and erosion. For example, the construction of the Three Gorges Dam on the Yangtze River in China has led to a significant increase in the frequency and severity of floods downstream.
In addition to these environmental impacts, large dams can also have a number of social and economic impacts, such as increased poverty, conflict, and health problems.