The correct answer is: a) Gram Sabhas and local councils.
Gram Sabhas are village assemblies that are held every month in Meghalaya. They are responsible for discussing and deciding on matters related to the village, such as development projects, land use, and social welfare. Local councils are elected bodies that are responsible for managing the affairs of a particular area. They are also involved in planning and development.
Technocratic solutions are solutions that are based on technical expertise rather than on the needs of the people. Top-down decision-making is a process in which decisions are made by a small group of people at the top of an organization and then imposed on the rest of the organization. Excluding tribal communities is a process in which tribal communities are not involved in decision-making processes.
Gram Sabhas and local councils are more participatory than technocratic solutions and top-down decision-making because they involve the participation of the people who will be affected by the decisions. They are also more likely to take into account the needs of the people. Excluding tribal communities is not participatory because it does not involve the participation of the people who will be affected by the decisions.