The correct answer is: d) All of the above.
Early peasant movements in Manipur often focused on opposing excessive taxation, land alienation, and forced labor.
Excessive taxation was a major grievance of the peasants. The British colonial government imposed heavy taxes on the peasants, which made it difficult for them to make a living. The taxes were often used to finance the British military and administrative expenses in Manipur.
Land alienation was another major grievance of the peasants. The British colonial government often alienated land from the peasants and gave it to British planters and companies. This made it difficult for the peasants to earn a livelihood from agriculture.
Forced labor was also a major grievance of the peasants. The British colonial government often forced the peasants to work on public projects, such as roads and bridges, without pay. This made it difficult for the peasants to meet their own needs.
The peasant movements in Manipur were successful in achieving some of their demands. The British colonial government was forced to reduce taxes, stop land alienation, and abolish forced labor. However, the peasant movements were not able to achieve all of their demands. The British colonial government continued to exploit the peasants, and the peasant movements eventually lost momentum.