During the mid 19th century Industrial Revolution, the average life sp

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During the mid 19th century Industrial Revolution, the average life span of workers in Manchester was

17 years
30 years
55 years
62 years
This question was previously asked in
UPSC CDS-1 – 2017
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The correct answer is 17 years.
Historical accounts, particularly from sources like Friedrich Engels’ *The Condition of the Working Class in England* (1844), documented the extremely poor living and working conditions of factory workers during the Industrial Revolution in cities like Manchester.
Engels cited stark statistics showing the average life expectancy of unskilled labourers in Manchester to be as low as 17 years, significantly lower than in rural areas or for higher classes within the same city. This reflected the devastating impact of industrialisation, pollution, poor sanitation, overcrowding, disease, and harsh working conditions on the health and longevity of the working class.

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