The correct answer is D. purchasing costs.
Purchasing costs are the costs associated with acquiring goods from suppliers. These costs include the cost of the goods themselves, as well as the costs of transportation, insurance, and any other fees associated with the purchase.
Stock-out costs are the costs associated with not having enough inventory on hand to meet customer demand. These costs can include lost sales, customer dissatisfaction, and damage to the company’s reputation.
Ordering costs are the costs associated with placing an order with a supplier. These costs include the cost of preparing the order, the cost of shipping the order, and any other fees associated with the order.
Carrying costs are the costs associated with holding inventory. These costs include the cost of storage, the cost of insurance, and the cost of obsolescence.
In conclusion, the correct answer is D. purchasing costs.