The correct answer is: a) Waterlogging
Contour farming and terracing are agricultural techniques that help to prevent waterlogging. Contour farming is a method of farming that involves planting crops across the slope of the land, rather than up and down the slope. This helps to slow down the flow of water and prevent it from eroding the soil. Terracing is a method of farming that involves creating a series of steps on the side of a hill. This helps to create a more level surface for planting crops and prevents water from running off the land.
Waterlogging occurs when soil becomes saturated with water. This can happen when there is too much rain or when irrigation is not managed properly. Waterlogged soil can become anaerobic, which means that there is not enough oxygen for the roots of plants to grow. This can lead to plant death and crop failure.
Contour farming and terracing can help to prevent waterlogging by slowing down the flow of water and preventing it from eroding the soil. This helps to keep the soil in place and allows it to drain properly.
The other options are incorrect because:
- Soil erosion is the process of soil being carried away by wind or water. Contour farming and terracing can help to prevent soil erosion by slowing down the flow of water and wind.
- Soil salinization is the process of salt accumulating in the soil. This can happen when irrigation water contains high levels of salt or when there is not enough drainage. Contour farming and terracing can help to prevent soil salinization by reducing the amount of water that is lost through evaporation and by improving drainage.
- Loss of organic matter is the process of organic matter being lost from the soil. This can happen when the soil is disturbed, such as when it is plowed or when it is exposed to wind or water erosion. Contour farming and terracing can help to prevent the loss of organic matter by keeping the soil in place and by reducing the amount of disturbance.