Content of a document under Section 61 of the Indian Evidence Act, 187

Content of a document under Section 61 of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872 may be proved by

primary evidence only.
secondary evidence only.
primary or secondary evidence.
oral evidence only.
This question was previously asked in
UPSC CISF-AC-EXE – 2021
Section 61 of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872 explicitly states, “The contents of documents may be proved either by primary or by secondary evidence.”
Section 61 establishes that both primary and secondary evidence are admissible methods for proving the contents of a document.
Primary evidence (Section 62) is the original document itself. Secondary evidence (Section 63) includes certified copies, copies made by mechanical processes, copies made from the original, etc., and is generally admissible only under specific circumstances outlined in Section 65 when the primary evidence is unavailable. Oral evidence about the contents of a document is typically secondary evidence.