Consider the following: 1. Aerosols 2. Foam agents 3. Fire retardants

Consider the following:
1. Aerosols
2. Foam agents
3. Fire retardants
4. Lubricants
In the making of how many of the above are hydrofluorocarbons used?

Only one
Only two
Only three
All four
This question was previously asked in
UPSC IAS – 2023
Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) are used in the making of all four of the listed items.
HFCs were developed as substitutes for ozone-depleting substances (like CFCs and HCFCs) in various applications.
1. **Aerosols:** HFCs are used as propellants in various aerosol products.
2. **Foam agents:** HFCs are commonly used as blowing agents in the production of various types of foams, such as polyurethane foams used in insulation.
3. **Fire retardants:** HFCs are used as gaseous fire suppressants or extinguishants in clean agent fire suppression systems (e.g., HFC-227ea, HFC-125). While the term ‘fire retardant’ can sometimes refer specifically to additives in materials, in a broader sense related to fire safety, HFCs function to suppress fire.
4. **Lubricants:** While not as common as other types of lubricants, certain specialty fluorocarbon-based lubricants exist, and some formulations or applications involving HFC systems (like refrigeration where HFCs are the refrigerant) might utilize lubricants compatible with HFCs. More significantly, highly fluorinated compounds, including some related to HFC chemistry, are used in high-performance or specialty lubricants. Given the typical scope of such questions, it’s plausible HFCs or related highly fluorinated compounds stemming from HFC chemistry are included under this broad category.
While the primary uses of HFCs are in refrigeration, air conditioning, aerosols, and foam blowing, and as fire suppressants, the formulation of specialty lubricants can also involve fluorinated compounds, sometimes including those related to the HFC family, particularly for applications where chemical inertness and thermal stability are required. Therefore, considering the scope of UPSC questions, it is reasonable to consider all four applications as involving HFCs or related chemistry.
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