Consider the following statements: Every square is a rectangle. Eve

Consider the following statements:

  • Every square is a rectangle.
  • Every rectangle is a parallelogram.
  • Every parallelogram is not necessarily a square.

Which one of the following conclusions can be drawn on the basis of the above statements ?

All parallelograms are either squares or rectangles.
A non-parallelogram figures cannot be either a square or a rectangle.
All rectangles are either squares or parallelograms.
Squares and rectangles are the only parallelograms.
This question was previously asked in
UPSC CAPF – 2009
The correct option is B) A non-parallelogram figures cannot be either a square or a rectangle.
Let the statements be:
1. Every square is a rectangle. (Square -> Rectangle)
2. Every rectangle is a parallelogram. (Rectangle -> Parallelogram)
3. Every parallelogram is not necessarily a square. (Parallelogram -/> Square)

From statement 1 and 2, we can form a chain: Square -> Rectangle -> Parallelogram.
This implies that every square is a parallelogram.

Now let’s analyze the conclusions:
A) All parallelograms are either squares or rectangles. This is false. A rhombus is a parallelogram but is not necessarily a square or a rectangle.
B) A non-parallelogram figures cannot be either a square or a rectangle. This is true.
From Rectangle -> Parallelogram, the contrapositive is (Not Parallelogram) -> (Not Rectangle).
From Square -> Rectangle, the contrapositive is (Not Rectangle) -> (Not Square).
Combining these, if a figure is not a parallelogram, then it is not a rectangle. If it is not a rectangle, then it is not a square. Therefore, if a figure is a non-parallelogram, it cannot be a rectangle, and thus cannot be a square. This conclusion is logically derived from the first two statements.
C) All rectangles are either squares or parallelograms. This statement is technically true because all rectangles *are* parallelograms (Statement 2), and the set of squares is a subset of rectangles. So, a rectangle is always in the set of parallelograms, and sometimes in the set of squares. However, the wording “either…or” often implies mutual exclusion or at least that being a parallelogram is not always the case for a rectangle, which contradicts statement 2. Conclusion B is a more direct and stronger inference from the combined statements.
D) Squares and rectangles are the only parallelograms. This is false. Rhombuses and other non-rectangular parallelograms exist.

Conclusion B is the only valid and direct conclusion that can be drawn based on the transitive property implied by the statements.

This question tests understanding of the hierarchy of quadrilaterals. The relationships are: Square โŠ‚ Rhombus, Square โŠ‚ Rectangle, Rhombus โŠ‚ Parallelogram, Rectangle โŠ‚ Parallelogram. Square is the most specific type, being a rectangle with equal sides, and a rhombus with right angles. Parallelogram is a broader category.