Home » UPSC CDS-1 » Consider the following statements: 1. Abhinavagupta wrote a comprehe

Consider the following statements: 1. Abhinavagupta wrote a comprehe

June 1, 2025 by rawan239

Consider the following statements:

1. Abhinavagupta wrote a comprehensive treatise called the Tantraloka which systematically presents the teachings of the Kula and Trika systems
2. The Samaraichchakaha by Hariibhadra Suri written in Gujarat around the eighth century is technically not a tantric work but is saturated with tantric ideas and practices

Which of the statements given above is / are correct ?

1 only

2 only

Both 1 and 2

Neither 1 nor 2

This question was previously asked in

UPSC CDS-1 – 2016

Download PDF Attempt Online

Statement 1 is correct. Abhinavagupta (c. 975-1025 CE) was a prominent philosopher and mystic of Kashmir Shaivism. His monumental work, *Tantraloka*, is considered the most comprehensive and authoritative synthesis of the teachings of the Trika and Kula systems of Kashmir Shaivism, which are indeed forms of Tantra. Statement 2 is incorrect. Hariibhadra Suri (c. 8th century) was a highly respected Jain philosopher and author. His *Samaraichchakaha* is a major narrative work in Prakrit, focusing on Jain doctrines of karma and rebirth through a series of stories. While it deals with philosophical concepts, it is a key text of Jainism and is not generally classified as a tantric work, nor is it considered “saturated with tantric ideas and practices” in the way that term is used in the context of Shaiva or Shakta tantra. Jainism is a distinct philosophical and religious tradition.

Abhinavagupta is central to Kashmir Shaivism and Tantra, while Hariibhadra Suri is a key figure in Jainism, and their works belong to distinct traditions.

Kashmir Shaivism is a non-dualistic tradition that incorporates tantric practices and philosophy. Jainism is an ancient Indian religion that follows a path of non-violence towards all living beings and asceticism.

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