The correct answer is: All of the above.
Shifting cultivation is a traditional agricultural practice in which farmers clear a small area of land, cultivate it for a few years, and then abandon it to allow the land to regenerate. This practice is often used in tropical rainforests, where the land is very fertile but also very susceptible to erosion.
Deforestation is a major concern associated with shifting cultivation. When farmers clear a forest to make room for their crops, they often remove all of the trees, including the large trees that help to hold the soil in place. This can lead to soil erosion, which can damage the land and make it difficult to grow crops.
Soil erosion is another major concern associated with shifting cultivation. When the soil is exposed to the elements, it can be easily washed away by rain or blown away by wind. This can lead to a loss of topsoil, which is the most fertile layer of soil.
Loss of biodiversity is also a concern associated with shifting cultivation. When farmers clear a forest, they often destroy the habitat of many plants and animals. This can lead to a loss of biodiversity, which can have a negative impact on the environment.
In conclusion, all of the options (deforestation, soil erosion, and loss of biodiversity) are concerns associated with shifting cultivation.