Caves, arches, stacks and stumps are the landscape features of which o

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Caves, arches, stacks and stumps are the landscape features of which one of the following?

River
Wave
Limestone
Wind
This question was previously asked in
UPSC CAPF – 2021
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The correct answer is B) Wave.
Caves, arches, stacks, and stumps are sequential landforms created by the erosional action of waves along coastlines. Waves erode weak points in cliffs, forming sea caves. Over time, two caves on opposite sides of a headland may meet, or a single cave may erode through, forming a sea arch. When the roof of the arch collapses, an isolated pillar of rock, known as a sea stack, is left. Further erosion reduces the stack to a mere stump visible only at low tide.
River erosion creates features like gorges, valleys, meanders, and deltas. Limestone landscapes (karst topography) feature sinkholes, caves (formed by dissolution), and underground drainage. Wind erosion creates landforms such as sand dunes, yardangs, and deflation hollows, primarily in arid environments. The specific sequence of caves, arches, stacks, and stumps is characteristic of coastal erosion by waves.

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