UPSC CBI DSP LDCE Archives

1. Which one among the following States has the largest number of Rajya S

Which one among the following States has the largest number of Rajya Sabha seats?

Andhra Pradesh

Madhya Pradesh

Rajasthan

West Bengal

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Among the given options, West Bengal has the largest number of seats in the Rajya Sabha with 16 seats. Andhra Pradesh has 11 seats (after bifurcation). Madhya Pradesh has 11 seats. Rajasthan has 10 seats. Uttar Pradesh has the largest number of Rajya Sabha seats overall in India (31), but it is not one of the options.

– The allocation of Rajya Sabha seats to States and Union Territories is done on the basis of population as per the Fourth Schedule of the Constitution.
– States with larger populations are allocated more seats in the Rajya Sabha.

– The Rajya Sabha is the upper house of the Indian Parliament. Members are elected by the elected members of the Legislative Assemblies of the States and Union Territories by means of the system of proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote.
– The current allocation of Rajya Sabha seats is based on the 1971 Census population figures, which will remain in effect until after the first census taken after the year 2026.

2. Which one among the following Lok Sabhas had the shortest span?

Which one among the following Lok Sabhas had the shortest span?

2nd Lok Sabha

5th Lok Sabha

9th Lok Sabha

12th Lok Sabha

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The 12th Lok Sabha, constituted in March 1998, had the shortest span among the given options. It lasted only about 13 months, dissolving in April 1999, leading to fresh elections in September-October 1999. The 9th Lok Sabha (1989-1991) lasted about 1 year and 4 months. The 2nd Lok Sabha (1957-1962) completed its full five-year term. The 5th Lok Sabha (1971-1977) was initially elected for five years but was extended during the Emergency period and eventually dissolved prematurely, serving a term of about 6 years and 4 months.

– Lok Sabha terms are generally five years, but can be dissolved earlier.
– The shortest-lived Lok Sabha terms are typically a result of coalition governments losing confidence or other political instability leading to early elections.

– The 1st Lok Sabha served its full term from 1952 to 1957.
– The 6th Lok Sabha (1977-1980) was also dissolved prematurely, serving about 2 years and 4 months, shorter than the 9th but longer than the 12th.

3. Which of the following statements is/are correct? 1. The National Co

Which of the following statements is/are correct?

1. The National Commission for Women is a constitutional body.
2. The National Commission for Backward Classes is not a constitutional body.

Select the correct answer using the code given below.

1 only

2 only

Both 1 and 2

Neither 1 nor 2

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Statement 1 is incorrect because the National Commission for Women (NCW) was established by an Act of Parliament, the National Commission for Women Act, 1990. It is therefore a statutory body, not a constitutional body.
Statement 2 is incorrect because the National Commission for Backward Classes (NCBC), initially a statutory body under the National Commission for Backward Classes Act, 1993, was granted constitutional status by the 102nd Amendment Act, 2018, which inserted Article 338B into the Constitution. It is now a constitutional body.

– A constitutional body is one that is mentioned and derives its powers directly from the Constitution of India (e.g., Election Commission, UPSC, Finance Commission, National Commission for SCs, National Commission for STs, National Commission for BCs).
– A statutory body is created by an Act of Parliament or a State Legislature (e.g., NHRC, NCW, NGT, SEBI).

– The National Commission for Scheduled Castes (Article 338) and the National Commission for Scheduled Tribes (Article 338A) were also established as constitutional bodies.
– The 102nd Amendment Act, 2018, formalized the structure, powers, and functions of the National Commission for Backward Classes as a constitutional entity.

4. Which of the following statements is/are correct? 1. The Parliament

Which of the following statements is/are correct?

1. The Parliament of India consists of the President of India, the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha.
2. The Rajya Sabha was constituted for the first time in 1950.

Select the correct answer using the code given below.

1 only

2 only

Both 1 and 2

Neither 1 nor 2

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Statement 1 is correct. As per Article 79 of the Constitution of India, the Parliament of the Union consists of the President and two Houses: the Council of States (Rajya Sabha) and the House of the People (Lok Sabha).
Statement 2 is incorrect. While the Constitution came into force in 1950, the first general elections were held in 1951-52. The first Lok Sabha and the first Rajya Sabha were constituted *after* these elections. The Rajya Sabha (Council of States) was first constituted on April 3, 1952, and its first session began on May 13, 1952.

The President is an integral part of the Parliament, although he/she does not sit in the Houses. The President’s assent is required for a Bill to become an Act. The Parliament of India is bicameral, consisting of two Houses.

Prior to the first elected Parliament, the Constituent Assembly acted as the provisional Parliament from January 26, 1950, until the first general elections were completed. The first Lok Sabha was also constituted on April 17, 1952.

5. Which of the following statements is/are correct? 1. Under Article 1

Which of the following statements is/are correct?

1. Under Article 14 of the Constitution of India, the State is bound to impart equal treatment to dissimilarly situated persons.
2. The State can justify an unequal treatment between two similarly situated persons, if there is such a precedence of unequal treatment.

Select the correct answer using the code given below.

1 only

2 only

Both 1 and 2

Neither 1 nor 2

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Statement 1 is incorrect. Article 14 guarantees equality before the law and equal protection of the laws. The principle of equal protection of laws implies that like should be treated alike and unlike should be treated differently. It does not mandate equal treatment to dissimilarly situated persons; rather, it allows for reasonable classification and differentiation between groups based on intelligible differentia and a rational nexus with the object sought to be achieved.
Statement 2 is incorrect. The State cannot justify unequal treatment between two similarly situated persons merely based on precedence. Article 14 prohibits arbitrary and discriminatory treatment. Any differentiation must be based on a reasonable classification that distinguishes persons into groups and applies a law equally to all within a group. Precedence alone is not a constitutional justification for violating the principle of equality among similarly situated individuals.

Article 14 embodies the rule of law and prohibits discrimination. It permits ‘reasonable classification’, which means treating dissimilarly situated persons differently, but this differentiation must be non-arbitrary and based on valid grounds. Treating similarly situated persons unequally is a violation of Article 14 unless a valid classification justifies the distinction, which is not the same as relying on mere precedence.

The Supreme Court has interpreted Article 14 widely to include the concept of reasonableness and non-arbitrariness. Any state action must satisfy the test of reasonableness to be in conformity with Article 14.

6. Which among the following systems of representation is adopted for the

Which among the following systems of representation is adopted for the election of members to the Lok Sabha?

Party-list proportional representation

Instant-runoff system

First-past-the-post system

Binomial system

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For the election of members to the Lok Sabha, India adopts the First-Past-The-Post System (FPTP). In this system, the country is divided into constituencies, and the candidate who receives the most votes in a constituency wins the seat, regardless of whether they get an absolute majority of the votes.

The FPTP system is simple to understand and operate and tends to produce clear majorities, facilitating stable governments. However, it can lead to a disproportionate relationship between vote share and seats won, and smaller parties often find it difficult to win seats.

Proportional representation systems, such as party-list PR, are used for elections to the Rajya Sabha and State Legislative Councils in India, but not for the Lok Sabha or State Legislative Assemblies. These systems aim to allocate seats more proportionally to the votes received by parties.

7. Barring exceptions, no law providing for preventive detention shall au

Barring exceptions, no law providing for preventive detention shall authorize the detention of a person for a period longer than

one month

two months

three months

two weeks

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Article 22(4) of the Constitution of India states that “No law providing for preventive detention shall authorise the detention of a person for a longer period than three months unless— (a) an Advisory Board consisting of persons who are, or have been, or are qualified to be appointed as, Judges of a High Court has reported before the expiration of the said period of three months that there is in its opinion sufficient cause for such detention”. Thus, without a report from an Advisory Board, the maximum period of preventive detention is three months.

Article 22 provides protection against arrest and detention in certain cases. Clauses (1) and (2) deal with punitive detention, while clauses (3) to (7) deal with preventive detention. Preventive detention laws allow detention without trial for a limited period, but the Constitution imposes safeguards like the three-month limit without Advisory Board approval and the right to be informed of the grounds of detention.

Parliament has the exclusive power to make laws for preventive detention for reasons connected with defence, foreign affairs, or the security of India. Both Parliament and State Legislatures can make laws for preventive detention for reasons connected with the security of a State, the maintenance of public order, or the maintenance of supplies and services essential to the community.

8. The Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms led to the enactment of which one among

The Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms led to the enactment of which one among the following landmark Acts?

The Indian Councils Act, 1909

The Government of India Act, 1919

The Government of India Act, 1935

The Indian Councils Act, 1892

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The Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms, proposed in the Montagu-Chelmsford Report in 1918, led to the enactment of the Government of India Act, 1919. This Act is also known as the Montagu-Chelmsford Act. It introduced dyarchy in the provinces and bicameralism at the Centre.

The Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms were a significant step towards responsible government in India, although limited in scope. They introduced separate electorates for Sikhs, Indian Christians, Anglo-Indians, and Europeans, extending communal representation.

The Indian Councils Act, 1909 is known as the Morley-Minto Reforms. The Government of India Act, 1935 was a more comprehensive statute that introduced provincial autonomy and dyarchy at the Centre, and established a federal structure. The Indian Councils Act, 1892 increased the number of additional members in the central and provincial legislative councils and introduced the principle of representation.

9. The changes made by the 42nd Constitution Amendment Act of 1976 in the

The changes made by the 42nd Constitution Amendment Act of 1976 in the Fundamental Duties under the Constitution of India were based on the recommendations of which one among the following Committees?

Swaran Singh Committee

Rajamannar Committee

Indrajit Gupta Committee

G. V. K. Rao Committee

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The Fundamental Duties were added to the Constitution of India by the 42nd Amendment Act in 1976. This amendment was based on the recommendations made by the Swaran Singh Committee, which was constituted in 1976. The committee recommended the inclusion of a separate chapter on Fundamental Duties in the Constitution.

The 42nd Amendment added Part IVA and Article 51A to the Constitution, which enumerate the ten Fundamental Duties of citizens. Later, one more duty was added by the 86th Amendment Act, 2002, making the total number of Fundamental Duties eleven.

The Rajamannar Committee (1969) was appointed by the Tamil Nadu government to examine Centre-State relations. The Indrajit Gupta Committee (1998) was related to state funding of elections. The G.V.K. Rao Committee (1985) was on administrative arrangements for rural development and poverty alleviation.

10. Which among the following is not a function of the Parliament of

Which among the following is not a function of the Parliament of India?

Making laws

Controlling the executives

Appointing Judges to the Supreme Court

Controlling taxation

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Option C is incorrect. Appointing Judges to the Supreme Court is primarily a function of the President of India, who appoints judges after consulting with the Chief Justice of India and other judges as deemed necessary (Article 124). Parliament has a role in the impeachment of judges (Article 124(4)), but not in their appointment process itself. Options A, B, and D are indeed functions of the Parliament.

Parliament’s core functions include legislation (making laws), oversight of the executive (ensuring accountability), and financial control (approving budgets and controlling taxation). The judiciary is independent of the legislature and executive, with appointment powers vested in the executive (President) in consultation with the judiciary itself.

Parliament approves the budget and controls government expenditure through various committees. It exercises control over the executive through questions, zero hour, various motions, debates, and committees.