ecology

Bentham and Hooker

Darwin

Tansley

Hutchinson

For nutrient recovery and cycling

For releasing heavy metals through absorption by plants

In reducing siltiation of rivers by retaining sediments

All the above

Water management

Afforestation

Industrial Management

Wild life protection

The water cycle in wetlands involves surface runoff, subsoil percolation and evaporation.

Algae form the nutrient base upon which fish, crustaceans, molluses, birds, reptiles and mammals thrive.

Wetlands play a vital role in maintaining sedimentation balance and soil stabilieation.

Aquatic plants absorb heavy metals and excess nutrients,

Energy flow in the biospheric ecosystem is unidirectional.

Energy flow in the biospheric ecosystem is cyclic.

Relative loss of energy in natural ecosystem decreases with increasing trophic levels.

Species at progressively higher tropic levels appear to be less efficient, in using available energy.

It comprises both, abiotic and biotic components.

It has its own productivity.

It is a closed system.

It is a natural resource system.

It represents all living organisms and physical environment in any given space-time unit.

It is a functional unit.

It has own productivity.

It is a closed-system. .

A.H. Strahler

A.G. Tansley

C.C. Park

F.R. Fosberg

Temperate forests

Tropical forests

Temperate grasslands

Tropical savanna

Producers

Primary consumers

Secondary consumers

Tertiary consumers