The correct answer is: c) 9th century CE.
Bhakti devotional movements began to gain prominence in Tamil Nadu around the 9th century CE. These movements were characterized by a focus on personal devotion to a particular deity, often expressed through song, dance, and poetry. The Bhakti movement had a profound impact on Tamil culture and religion, and its influence can still be seen today.
Option a) is incorrect because the 3rd century CE was before the beginning of the Bhakti movement. Option b) is incorrect because the 6th century CE was also before the beginning of the Bhakti movement. Option d) is incorrect because the 12th century CE was after the peak of the Bhakti movement.