At a given temperature and pressure, the force of attraction among the

At a given temperature and pressure, the force of attraction among the molecules will be highest in case of:

helium

sugar

water

carbon tetrachloride

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UPSC Geoscientist – 2020

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At a given temperature and pressure, the state of matter (solid, liquid, gas) is determined by the strength of the intermolecular forces compared to the thermal energy of the molecules. Solids have the strongest intermolecular forces, holding molecules in fixed positions. Liquids have weaker forces than solids, allowing molecules to move past each other but still keeping them relatively close. Gases have very weak forces, allowing molecules to move freely and far apart. At room temperature and pressure: Helium is a gas, Water and Carbon tetrachloride are liquids, and Sugar is a solid. Therefore, sugar, being in a solid state, will have the highest force of attraction among its molecules compared to the liquids and the gas listed.

The state of matter (solid, liquid, gas) reflects the strength of intermolecular forces. Solids have the strongest forces, liquids have intermediate forces, and gases have the weakest forces. Sugar is a solid at room temperature and pressure, while the other substances are liquids or gases.

Intermolecular forces include London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole forces, and hydrogen bonding. Sugar molecules (like sucrose) are polar and can form extensive hydrogen bonds, in addition to other forces, resulting in a strong lattice structure in the solid state. Helium, a noble gas, only has very weak London dispersion forces. Water has strong hydrogen bonding, but it’s a liquid at room temperature. Carbon tetrachloride is a nonpolar molecule with only London dispersion forces, existing as a liquid.

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