Archaeological evidence suggests that early Goa had trade links with all of the above: Mesopotamia, Egypt, and the Indus Valley Civilization.
Mesopotamia was an ancient civilization that flourished in the region between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in modern-day Iraq. It is considered to be one of the cradles of civilization, along with Egypt and the Indus Valley Civilization. Mesopotamia was a major center of trade and commerce, and its merchants traded with peoples from all over the world, including India.
Egypt was another ancient civilization that flourished along the Nile River. It is also considered to be one of the cradles of civilization. Egypt was a major center of trade and commerce, and its merchants traded with peoples from all over the world, including India.
The Indus Valley Civilization was an ancient civilization that flourished in the Indus River valley in modern-day Pakistan and northwestern India. It is considered to be one of the earliest urban civilizations in the world. The Indus Valley Civilization was a major center of trade and commerce, and its merchants traded with peoples from all over the world, including India.
Archaeological evidence of trade links between early Goa and these three ancient civilizations has been found in the form of pottery, coins, and other artifacts. This evidence suggests that early Goa was a major center of trade and commerce, and that its merchants traded with peoples from all over the world.
In addition to the archaeological evidence, there are also historical records that mention trade links between early Goa and these three ancient civilizations. For example, the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, a Greek text written in the 1st century AD, mentions that Goa was a major port city and that it traded with Arabia, India, and the Roman Empire.
The evidence suggests that early Goa was a major center of trade and commerce, and that its merchants traded with peoples from all over the world, including Mesopotamia, Egypt, and the Indus Valley Civilization.