Apart from hyper acid secretion, peptic ulcers are also developed due

Apart from hyper acid secretion, peptic ulcers are also developed due to bacterial infection. The causative agent is

Helicobacter pylori

E. coli

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Salmonella typhimurium

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This question was previously asked in

UPSC CDS-2 – 2020

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The causative agent for peptic ulcers apart from hyper acid secretion is Helicobacter pylori.

For a long time, peptic ulcers (ulcers in the lining of the stomach or duodenum) were primarily attributed to lifestyle factors like stress and diet leading to excessive acid production. However, research by Barry Marshall and Robin Warren in the 1980s revolutionized the understanding of peptic ulcers by demonstrating that the bacterium *Helicobacter pylori* is a major cause. This bacterium can survive in the acidic environment of the stomach and colonize the gastric lining, causing inflammation and making the tissue vulnerable to acid damage, leading to ulcer formation.

The discovery of *H. pylori*’s role in peptic ulcers was initially met with skepticism but was eventually accepted, leading to new treatment regimens involving antibiotics to eradicate the bacterium. Marshall and Warren were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2005 for this discovery. While *H. pylori* is a primary cause, hyper acid secretion, NSAID use, smoking, and stress can also contribute to ulcer development or exacerbate existing ones.

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