The correct answer is: d) All of the above.
Ancient Kerala had significant trade relations with Greece and Rome, China and Southeast Asia, Persia and Arabia.
Kerala’s trade with Greece and Rome dates back to the 1st century BC. The Romans were particularly interested in Kerala’s spices, such as pepper, ginger, and cinnamon. Kerala’s trade with China and Southeast Asia also dates back to the 1st century BC. The Chinese were interested in Kerala’s spices, as well as its ivory, tortoiseshell, and pearls. Kerala’s trade with Persia and Arabia dates back to the 3rd century BC. The Persians and Arabs were interested in Kerala’s spices, as well as its cotton, sandalwood, and pepper.
Kerala’s trade with these regions was carried out by sea. The main ports of trade were Muziris (now Kodungallur), Cranganore, and Kollam. Kerala’s trade with these regions was very important for the state’s economy. It brought in a lot of wealth and helped to develop the state’s infrastructure.
Kerala’s trade with these regions also had a significant impact on the state’s culture. The state’s people came into contact with new ideas and customs from these regions. This helped to enrich the state’s culture and make it more diverse.
Kerala’s trade with these regions was a very important part of the state’s history. It helped to develop the state’s economy and culture. It also helped to connect Kerala with the rest of the world.