An irregular mode of reproduction resulting in the development of an e

An irregular mode of reproduction resulting in the development of an embryo without fertilization is called
1. Parthenogenesis
2. Apogamy
3. Sporophytic budding
Select the correct answer using the code given below.

[amp_mcq option1=”1 only” option2=”2 only” option3=”2 and 3 only” option4=”1, 2 and 3″ correct=”option4″]

This question was previously asked in
UPSC CDS-2 – 2016
The question describes apomixis, which is a form of asexual reproduction that mimics sexual reproduction by resulting in the formation of an embryo without fertilization. Parthenogenesis, Apogamy, and Adventitious embryony are all types of apomixis. While “Sporophytic budding” is not the most standard term, it is sometimes used to describe the development of embryos or embryo-like structures directly from sporophytic tissue, which falls under the umbrella of adventitious embryony, a form of apomixis. Given the options, it is likely intended to include different origins of apomictic embryos.
1. Parthenogenesis: Development of an embryo directly from an unfertilized egg cell.
2. Apogamy: Development of a sporophyte (embryo) from any gametophytic cell other than the egg (e.g., synergids, antipodal cells) without fertilization.
3. Sporophytic budding (or Adventitious embryony): Development of an embryo directly from diploid sporophytic cells (like nucellus or integument) without the formation of gametes or fertilization. If “sporophytic budding” refers to this, then all three processes result in an embryo without fertilization.
Apomixis is common in many plant species, including some important crop plants and wild relatives. It can lead to the production of clonal offspring.
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